19+Pulp+&+Paper+=+KhadeshaM

//__Pulp&Paper__// WHAT IS PULP & PAPER ? Pulp is a lignocelluloses material which goes through a process with the outcome being paper. Pulp can be made either chemically or mechanically, in the process of pulping cellulose fibres are being divided from the wood. Pulp can be made through many different Processes and different items, but for papermaking wood is the most common.

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STEPS TO HOW PAPER IS MADE ! >  System of how paper is made from Recycled paper (Right) and from Tree`s (Left). This process is most known as Kraft pulping.  __**//Watch how paper is made !//**__ media type="youtube" key="jGH7kQ30SKo" height="315" width="560" align="center"
 * 1) Wood from trees is chopped into small pieces ( Wood Chips )
 * 2) The wood chips are then cooked in a large tank ( in the tank contains sodium sulphide and sodium hydroxide )
 * 3) A reaction will happen within the tank removing 90% of lignin ( Brown substance within the wood )
 * 4) Wood chips processed into pulp
 * 5) Pulp is bleached
 * 6) Water is then removed from the pulp
 * 7) Processing make paper thicker and smoother
 * 8)  PAPER IS MADE !!

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HOW DOES PAPER GET  WHITE ? Since paper is not naturally white, to remove the lignin that still remains in the paper after step 3 (in how paper is made) it needs to be bleached. Before in the past chlorine ( Cl2 ) was used to bleach paper but was considered very harmful to the environment after finding out it created dioxins. The creations of dioxins were due to the reaction of the chlorine with the lignin, creating a very toxic chlorinated molecular compound (Dioxins). To fix this problem they started to use Chlorine dioxide ( ClO2 )which did reduce the amount of dioxin being produced but only 90%. To fully get rid of dioxin a new chemical had to be used that contained no chlorine, that chemical was Hydrogen peroxide. Although the use of Hydrogen peroxide stopped the producing of dioxins, the bleaching of the lignin was longer and required a higher reaction temperature. Finally research engineers have came up with a catalyst called TAML activator which now increases the time it takes to bleach the paper with Hydrogen peroxide and also lowers the temperature it needs to be bleached at as well. But most companies still use the chemical Chlorine dioxide to bleach their paper.

 This diagram shows the process of Chlorine dioxide being added to the wood pulp so it can become white paper! ···············································································

HOW DOES IT AFFECT THE__ ENVIRONMENT __? The making of paper does not have a good affect on the environment, just like any other manufacturing company it adds their parts to the pollution created every day. The emissions from the paper mills release thick gray clouds that contain chemicals such as All these things being released into the air have hormone- disrupting and carcinogenic chemicals. Since paper manufacturing uses water it is also being harmed which also harms the nearby habitats and ecosystems close to the paper mills, as well as reducing water levels. Most important it destroys down trees! To reduce the number of trees that are being cut down for our use of paper we can simply find other resources or the easiest just RECYCLE the paper we use! In Canada and the US the making of pulp and paper is the third largest industrial that pollutes the air, water and land. Picture of the biggest Pulp&Paper plant in New Zealand
 * Carbon dioxide
 * Sulphur dioxide
 * Hydrogen Sulphide
 * Chlorine
 * Chloroform
 * Chlorine dioxide

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[|http://www.rfu.org/cacw/basic.html#pulppollutionprimer] []) [] ( Second Diagram ) [] ( First Diagram ) Picture Of New Zealand plant: Taken by Jock Phillips ( Second Picture ) [] ( First Picture )