1+The+Combustion+of+Hydrocarbons=Dayanthini+Somesan

The Combustion of Hydrocarbons

What is hydrocarbon? Hydrocarbon is a substance which contains only carbon and hydrogen in its composition. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds and they have many uses. Most of the hydrocarbons are readily combustible and the give out a large amount of energy when the undergo combustion. Because of the above mentioned properties, hydrocarbons can be used as source of energy. Being a source of energy, they are used in many processes. Some of the common hydrocarbons and their uses are listed below:  ||  S**ummary of the Properties and Uses of Hydrocarbons ** [] || || || || || || || || || ||
 * Name || Molecular Formula || Molecular Mass || Melting Point (oC) || Boiling Point (oC) || State (25oC, 101.3kPa) || Density (liquid g cm-3, 20oC) || Flashpoint (oC) || Enthalpy of Combustion (kJ mol-1) || Uses ||  ||
 * <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">methane || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">CH4 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">16 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">-182 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">-162 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">gas ||  ||   || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">-889 || //<span style="color: navy; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">major component of natural gas (fuel) // ||
 * <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">ethane || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">C2H6 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">30 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">-183 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">-88.6 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">gas ||  ||   || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;"><-1557 || //<span style="color: navy; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">component of natural gas (fuel) // ||
 * <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">propane || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">C3H8 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">44 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">-188 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">-42.1 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">gas ||  ||   || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">-2217 || //<span style="color: navy; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">component of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), bottled gas (fuel) // ||
 * <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">butane || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">C4H10 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">58 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">-138 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">-0.5 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">gas ||  ||   || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">-2874 || //<span style="color: navy; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">component of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), cigarette lighters (fuel) // ||
 * <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">pentane || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">C5H12 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">72 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">-130 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">36.1 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">liquid || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">0.626 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">-49 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">-3536 || //<span style="color: navy; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">component of petrol (fuel) // ||
 * <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">hexane || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">C6H14 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">86 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">-95.3 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">68.7 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">liquid || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">0.659 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">-22 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">-4190 || //<span style="color: navy; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">component of petrol (fuel) // ||
 * <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">heptane || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">C7H16 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">100 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">-90.6 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">98.4 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">liquid ||  || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">-4 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">-4847 || //<span style="color: navy; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">component of petrol (fuel) // ||
 * <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">octane || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">C8H18 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">114 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">-56.8 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">126 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">liquid ||  ||   || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">-5506 || //<span style="color: navy; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">major component of petrol (fuel) // ||
 * <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">nonane || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">C9H20 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">128 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || //<span style="color: navy; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">component of petrol (fuel) // ||
 * <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">decane || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">C10H22 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">142 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">-30 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">174 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">liquid || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">0.730 ||  ||   || //<span style="color: navy; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">component of petrol (fuel) // ||
 * <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">hexadecane || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">C16H34 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">226 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">18.5 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">288 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">liquid || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">0.775 ||  ||   || //<span style="color: navy; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">component of diesel fuel & heating oil // ||

<span style="color: navy; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">eicosane || <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ffffff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 200%;">Combustion <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">Combustion is a chemical reaction between a hydrocarbon and oxygen. In order to obtain energy from hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons have to combusted.
 * || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">C20H42 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">282 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">36 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">343 || <span style="color: navy; display: block; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">solid ||  ||   ||   ||   ||

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ffffff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 200%;">Type of hydrocarbon combustion

<span style="display: block; font-family: georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; text-align: left;">There are two types of combustion reactions. One is called complete combustion and the other is called incomplete combustion. The amount of available oxygen determines the type of combustion. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; text-align: left;">Complete combustion <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">Complete combustion takes place when there is enough supply of oxygen. Complete combustion produces carbon dioxide and water. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O + energy <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">2 CH4 + 3 O2 → 2 CO + 4 H2O + energyThe above reactions are examples of complete combustion.



<span style="color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; text-align: left;">Incomplete combustion <span style="color: #241e1e; display: block; font-family: georgia,serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon occurs when there is a limited supply of oxygen. The products of incomplete combustion can vary. One of the products is carbon monoxide which is a toxic substance.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">C7H16(l) + 7O2(g) à3C(s) + 2CO(g) + 2CO2(g) + 8H2O(G) + energy <span style="display: block; font-family: georgia,serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">2C7H16(l) + 11O2(g) à3C(s) + 114CO(g) + (g) +8H2O(G) +energy <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ffffff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 25px;">The hazards of combustion Reactions

<span style="display: block; font-family: georgia,serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">The combustion of hydrocarbons can produce substances that can have an impact on our environment. Even though, hydrocarbons are a very good source of energy, the products of their combustion reactions make them undesirable in terms of environmental safety. <span style="display: block; font-family: georgia,serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">Complete combustion produces carbon dioxide which can impact the environment in many ways. Carbon dioxide can contribute to the formation of acid rain. Since carbon dioxide is an acidic oxide, when it dissolves in rain water it can form an acid which can affect the lives of several plants and animals. Carbon dioxide along with water vapour, which is another product of combustion reactions, can contribute to green house effect. It is one of the reasons for increased temperature in many parts of the world. Carbon dioxide and water vapour trap the thermal energy causing higher temperatures. <span style="display: block; font-family: georgia,serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">Incomplete combustion causes an additional problem. It is the formation of toxic carbon monoxide gas. Carbon monoxide has been a cause of death especially in households for some time. <span style="display: block; font-family: georgia,serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">

<span style="display: block; font-family: georgia,serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">media type="youtube" key="0JDO-SSQym4" width="425" height="350"media type="youtube" key="q7ZKnnXz5R4" width="425" height="350" <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ffffff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Conclustion <span style="display: block; font-family: 'georgia','serif'; font-size: 18px; text-align: left;">Combustion reactions are very useful and they are used in many processes. Even though hydrocarbons are a good source of energy, the by-products of the combustion reaction make them undesirable. Therefore it is important to design every process that involves combustion reaction to minimize the hazards and the use of hydrocarbons as well. It is also important to find reliable fuels that are environmentally friendly to meet the energy needs. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #e821dd; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 32px;">Bibliography

<span style="display: block; font-family: georgia,serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;"> Chemistry 11 -Text Book :- pg 192-196 [] [] [] [|=][] <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: -25px; width: 1px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">**__What I Learned:__** <span style="font-family: 'georgia','serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;"> __<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Super Glue - Erica Francis __ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px;">Super glue can have an irritating effect on the eye and can also trigger asthma in rare situations.Super glue is an adhesive that quicky bonds to form attachments to other materials.If you ever get stuck in a little super glue crisis situation, just reach over for the nail polish remover.Super glue has no real effect on the environment, as thankfully, the useful invention is non- toxic. __ Pulp & Paper - KhadeshaM __ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px;">Pulp can be made through many different Processes and different items, but for papermaking wood is the most common.Pulp is a lignocelluloses material which goes through a process with the outcome being paper. <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 150%; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;"> <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> __ Iodine Leena A. __ <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 26px;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 24px;">I Learned: **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">Iodine can be used as medical treatments, it is used for the preperation for some drugs. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">it's found in oceans, some sea fish, and water plants. It surrounds us every day, as it is in our soil, air, and water! It's also found unnaturally because it is added to almost every salt that is applied! Iodine is also apart of our biocycle, because 400 thousand tons of iodine comes out of the oceans every year from marine animals and it is deposited on land. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">Iodine is essential for your growth, nervous system, and metabolism! If you're wondering why it's because it is the building material for your thyroid hormones.