7+Recycling+of+Car+Batteries+-+Zargham+Zahid

__**Super Glue - Pratheep** __ **RECYCLING OF CAR BATTERIES ** By: Zargham Zahid __**What are Car Batteries?**__ Car Batteries or automotive batteries are type of rechargeable batteries that generate electric energy to automobiles. They are usually known as SLI (starting, lighting, and ignition) batteries to power the starter motor, the lights, and the ignition system of a vehicle’s engine. An automotive battery may also be a grip battery used for the main power source of an electric vehicle. Automotive SLI batteries are usually lead-acid type, and are made of six galvanic cells in series to provide a 12 volt system. These batteries are made up of plates of lead and plates of lead dioxide, which are flooded into an electrolyte solution of about 35% sulfuric acid and 65% of water, which causes a chemical reaction that releases electrons which stream through the conductors to produce electricity.



__**Dis**____**charge & Re**__ __**charge** __


 * When the battery is charged each cell contains anodes of lead (Pb) cathodes of lead (IV) oxide (PbO2 ) in an electrolyte of approximately 33.5% v/v (4.2 Molar) sulfuric acid (H2 SO4 )
 * When the battery is discharged both the anodes and cathodes become lead(II) sulfate (PbSO4) and the electrolyte loose most of its dissolved sulfuric acid and becomes water

**Anode Reaction:** Pb(s) + HSO4 (aq) → PbSO4 (s) + H(aq) + 2e **Cathode Reaction:** PbO2 (s) + HSO<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; vertical-align: sub;">4 (aq) + 3H(aq) + 2e → PbSO<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; vertical-align: sub;">4 (s) + 2H<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; vertical-align: sub;">2 O(l)

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 200%;">__**Environmental Concerns**__ <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">According to the reports by Environmental Defense and the Ecology Center of Ann Arbor, Mich., the batteries contain a great precentage of leakage. The leakage of leads in the batteries contain a great number of health issues and other threats to the environment. Studies show that almost 2,600,000 metric tons of lead is contained in all vehicles on road and some of these leads are extremely toxic. Exposure to any of these compounds can result to long term body damage such as brain and kidney damage, hearing impairment, and learning problems for children. The auto industry uses almost over 1,000,000 metric tons of lead every year and about 40,000 metric tons ends up in the landfill every year. About 70,000 metric tons are released in mining and manufacturing process. <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 200%;">__**Recycling & Benefits**__ <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">It is really important to come up with an effective pollution control system to prevent lead emission. Almost 97% of all battery lead is recycled.

<span style="color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%; text-align: center;">How It's Made : Recycling Car Batteries media type="custom" key="11250176" align="center"
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">Benefits of Recycling: **
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Saves Natural Resources : By making products from recycled materials instead of virgin materials, we conserve land and reduce the need to mine for more minerals.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Saves Energy : It takes less energy to make a recycled battery. In fact secondary lead bullion, for example, requires four times less energy to make than primary lead.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Saves Clean Air and Water : In most cases, making products from recycled materials creates less air pollution and water pollution than making products from virgin materials.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Saves Landfill Space : When the materials that you recycle go intonew products, instead of landfills or incinerators, landfill space is conserved.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">Saves Money and Creates Jobs : The recycling industry and the associated processes create far more jobs than landfill sites or waste incinerators, and recycling is frequently the least expensive waste management option for cities and towns.

**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 200%;">Bibliography: ** [] [] [] [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-acid_battery#Environment] []

__<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 26px; text-align: left;">**What I've Learned** __  <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> __<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 26px; text-align: left;">**Iodine - Shemarke** __
 * Iodine was first discovered by the French chemist Barnard Courtois (1777-1838) in 1811.
 * A lack of Iodine leads to decreased production of thyroid hormones, and an increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone from the pituary gland.
 * Iodine may be radioactive, and radioactive isotopes are formed naturally during chemical reactions in the atmosphere.

__<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 26px; text-align: left;">**Super Glue - Pratheep** __
 * Cyanoacrylate can be used to assemble electronics, wire wraps, flying model aircrafts, and as coverings for nuts and bolts.
 * Super glue also known as cyanoacrylate is a substance which is known and sold around the world.
 * About 5% of the population can become alerted with frequent contact with the CA gases, resulting in flu-like symptoms.

__<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 26px; text-align: left;">**Green Chemisty in Industry - Osama** __ <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">
 * Adipic acid is a key ingredient in the production of certain plastics including nylon and polyurethane.
 * Benzene is a compound that is anything but green. It is a known carcinogen. It's from oil a non-renewable resource.
 * Biocatalysts are helping to find renewable alternatives to oil-based raw materials.