Bioremediation+++Mujataba++Vahora

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__**Bioremediation**__
Bioremediation is the process that uses microorganisms to remove harmful and hazardous substances from the land, water etc as a cost-effective and green technology, bioremediation is applied to environmental contamination problems. The pupose of the bioremediation work is to better understand the biological breakdown of environmental contaminants. There are two type of bioremediation takes place, Situ and ex situ. In situ bioremediation contains treating the contaminated material at the site and ex situ contains the removal of the contaminated material to be treated somewhere else.

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=__**How it works**__=

When a contamination occurs the microorganisms present on site are usually able to break down the contamination on some level. It is rare to find a site where the microorganisms are able to degrade the contamination without any help from some form of bioremediation. The microorganism are used to break the contaminants down into harmless carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Bioremediation will not work at every site and cannot be used in cases where the contaminated site has the below facts.


 * __High Metal Concentrations __ - Metals that cannot be broken down include arsenic, cadmium, mercury, copper, chromium and zinc. Mercury is the most toxic of heavy metals.
 * __Highly Chlorinated Organic Molecules __ - These are organic molecules that have multiple chlorine atoms attached to them.
 * __Inorganic salts __ - This includes substances such as sodium thiosulfate, sulfur dioxide, sodium metabisulfite, trimethylamine hydrochoride, and ferric chloride.

These types of contaminated site cannot be cleaned up by bioremediation because the contaminants are toxic that they kill the microorganisms. The contamination site cleanup crews perform a different tests where they will find contaminants product. They will test for the factors listed above and that will help to determine whether the bioremediation can be used or not. If it can be used, these tests will decide which type can be used. In some cases, the cleanup people will know before the tests what type they will have to use if the rest of the conditions are fine. For example, in situ bioremeditation is the only option if the contamination is under a road or buildings.

__**Advantage of Bioremediation **__

Bioremediation and Phytoremediation are the two methods which can use for cleaning up the environmental contamination.

 * =====**Less wasted ground water**=====
 * =====**After bioremediation is completed, the environment is virtually restored to its pristine condition.**=====
 * =====**Conversion of carcinogenic compounds to non- or low-carcinogenic compounds **=====
 * =====**Much faster for cleaning up hydrophobic contaminant **=====
 * =====It is natural process. it does not produce ant toxic by product**s**=====

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 * ====Bioremediation can lead to secondary water quality impact====
 * ====It can lead to "Stalls" resulting in more carcinogenic substances being formed====
 * ====It often takes longe time====
 * ====It applies in limited areas====



__What is Phytoremediation__
phytoremediation is a direct use of living green plants in situ or contaminants in soil, sludges, sediments, surface water and ground water. Benifits of using Phytoremediation are listed below. it is also eco friendly because it involves trees which can make environment safe and


 * It is a low cost, solar energy clean up technique
 * Useful of treating wide verity of environmental contaminants.
 * Most usefull at sites with shallow or low level of contamination
 * It uses plants for remidiation

. Watch the video to know more about Phytoremediation
media type="youtube" key="IabslL-SgqY" width="568" height="381" align="right" __**Reference**__ http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/bri/bioremediation.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoremediation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation http://www.bionewsonline.com/w/what_is_bioremediation.htm

**__Review of 3 Topics__**

1. __**Teflon:**__
I learned that Teflon was found in 1938 by a scientist name Roy J. It is known as Polytrafloroethylene. approximately 94% of Americans have Teflon in their blood cell. it was published in 1948. Teflon is used as lubricant and decreases friction and energy. Teflon melting point is 327C. Teflon density is around 2200kg/m3. The chemical for mula is C2F4.Each carbon atom will have to fluorine atoms attached to it. This chemical formula causes the compound to be hydrophobic and to have a high meting point.

**__2. Mining:__**
I learned that mining means extracting minerals from the earth. materials which can be found from the earth are, metals, uranium, iron, limestone, coal, rock salt, potash, diamonds and precious metals. There are two types of mining either surface mining or underground mining. Surface mining involvesopening a large pit to expose mineral deposits. In an underground mine, miners drill shafts deep into Earth to reach the ore.

Most diamond mining is conducted in two ways: Open pit mining – excavation on the surface of the ground. Underground mining – excavation below the ground.

**__3. Super Glue:__**
I learned that Super Glue is non toxic, colour less, methyl 2 cyanaocrylate, formula is C5H5NO2 and ethyl 2 cyanaocrylate C6H7NO2. Super Glue react with Hydroxyl ions in oreder for it to work. The Super Glue goes through process called anionic polymerization. the cyanaocrylate molecules get together with water and form plastic like mesh. the glue thickns and hardens auntil the molecules can no longer moves, that is why it has so much strength.