5)+Iodine+Shamarke+Ali

= = =__What is Iodine?__= Iodine is a diatomic chemical element with the symbol “I” and has the atomic number 53 on the periodic table. Iodine is a dark gray/purple, lustrous solid, despite being a non metallic element. The word Iodine comes from the word "iodes", which means violet in Greek. Iodine is the second most electropositive and least reactive halogen behind Astatine, although it can still form compounds with many other elements. Iodine is found on earth mainly as the highly soluble Iodide which concentrates it in oceans and brine pools, and being a non polar molecule, it is soluble in non polar organic substances such as carbon tetrachloride ( CCl 4 ), but is poorly soluble in water. Iodine has many uses in the world today, being used in dyes, photography, table salt, germicides and organic chemistry. Iodine intake has a rather wide margin of safety, however, an intake concentration of 2,000 micrograms and higher can cause potential harm.
 * __ Iodine __**

//Iodine can take the form of solid, liquid or gas.//
 * **Atomic number ** || 53 ||
 * **Atomic mass ** || 126.9045 g.mol -1 ||
 * **Electronegativity ** || 2.5 ||
 * **Density ** || 4.93 g.cm-3 at 20°C ||
 * **Melting point ** || 114 °C ||
 * **Boiling point ** || 184 °C ||
 * **Vanderwaals radius ** || 0.177 nm ||
 * **Ionic radius ** || 0.216 nm (-1) ; 0.05 nm (+7) ||
 * **Isotopes ** || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">15 ||
 * **<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Electronic shell ** || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">[ Kr ] 4d10 5s25p5 ||
 * **<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Energy of first ionisation ** || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1008.7 kJ.mol -1 ||
 * **<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Standard potential ** || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">+ 0.58 V ( I2/ I- ) ||
 * **<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Discovered ** || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Bernard Courtois in 1811 ||

=__**History**__= Iodine was first discovered by the French chemist Barnard Courtois (1777-1838) in 1811. It was during the Napoleonic War in France, and salt pepper was in great demand. Salt pepper was produced from French niter beds required sodium carbonate, which could be isolated from seaweed. Courtois was extracting sodium and potassium compounds from seaweed ash, and once these compounds were removed, he added sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to further process the ash. He accidentally added too much acid and a violet colored cloud erupted from the mass. The gas condensed on metal objects around him, creating solid iodine. Today, Iodine is mainly obtained from deposits of sodium iodate (NaIO3) and sodium periodate (NaIO4) in Chile and Bolivia.

//Bernard Courtois (1777-1838)//

=__**Functions**__= Trace amounts of Iodine are required by the human body. Iodine’s major function in the body is its role in the formation of thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones stimulate rates of metabolism, oxygen consumption and heat production. They are necessary for normal nervous system development and growth. Most organ systems are directly or indirectly under the influence of thyroid hormones. Traces of Iodine can be found in dairy products such as milk and yogurt. //Common foods with sources of Iodine//

=__**Iodine Deficiency**__= A lack of Iodine leads to decreased production of thyroid hormones, and an increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone from the pituary gland. This is called Iodine deficiency and can lead to an enlargement of the thyroid gland or goiter. Iodine deficiency also has negative effects on growth and development, especially in the brain. Substances in goiter called goitrogens occur naturally in foods, block the absorption or utilization of iodine. Some of those foods include soybeans, broccoli, peanuts and brussell sprouts, but their effects are nullified when cooked. Symptoms of Iodine deficiency are all thyroid related.

//Symptoms of Goiter and Crelinsim// //A lack of Iodine can result in abnormal growth of the Thyroid, also known as Goiter//

=__**Treatment/Prevention**__= There are no tests to confirm if you have enough Iodine in your body, but when Iodine deficiency is seen in an entire population, it’s best to just check and see if enough Iodine’s are present in the common foods people eat. Elimination of Iodine deficiency has been a major goal of the World Health Organization for years. Iodized salts have been the main treatment of it worldwide, but Iodized oil, salt and water have also been used as well. Most Iodine-containing multivitamins contain at least 150 μg (micrograms) of Iodine.

=**__Environmental Effects__**= Iodine in surface water will vaporize and re-enter the air. Iodine in the air can combine with water particles and precipitate into water or soils. The contaminated soils will then combine with organic matter and remain in the same place for an extended period of time. Plants that grow on these soils will most likely absorb the iodine and cattle and animals will absorb the iodine when they eat these plants. Iodine gas is added to the air from nuclear power plants burning coal or fuel oil for energy, but Iodine in water is far more common. Iodine may be radioactive, and radioactive isotopes are formed naturally during chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Most radioactive isotopes of Iodine have very short half-lives and will reshape into stable Iodine compounds quickly. //Accidents in nuclear power plants can cause the release of large amounts of radioactive Iodine into the air.//

=**__Iodine Clock Reaction__**= The Iodine clock reaction is a classic chemical clock experiment used to display chemical kinetics. It was discovered by Hans Heinrich Landton in 1886. Two colorless solutions are mixed, and at first, there’s no visible reaction. After a short period of time either by leaving it or stirring it, the liquid suddenly turns a shade of dark blue. The Iodine clock reaction exists in many variations such as Hydrogen Peroxide, Iodate, Persulfate, and Chlorate and may alternate from colorless to blue back and forth until the reactants are depleted.

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=**__3 things I learned:__**= a) Mining is usually very destructive to the environment, and is one of the main causes of deforestation. b) Mining involves the unintentional realease of heavy metals (i.e. lead) into the atmosphere, and it can have serious health effects on kids, such as mental retardation. c) The symptoms of mercury releases in mining have very similar symptoms of malaria, which are deadly.
 * 1) 10 Mining Fathima B.**

a) Stomach acids have the potential to eat us from inside out, and it'd be impossible to digest food without them. b) Heartburn is when stomach acids get into the esophagus and eat away at the lining, causing a burning feeling. c) Stomach Acids are a mixture of hydrochloric acid, potassium chloride, and sodium chloride.
 * 2) 8 Neutralization Stomach Acid Thurka Thankathuri **

a) Superglue is waterproof. b) Superglue isn't immune to everything; it's weakness is Acetone which is abundant in nailpolish, so it can be used as a remover of superglue. c) Superglue was initially discovered by looking for materials to make gunsights for war in 1942.
 * 3) 4 SuperGlue Farooq Darsot **

**Bibiliography:**
**__Information:__** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #2a2a2a; display: block; font-family: 'segoe ui',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif;"> @http://www.thyroid.org/patients/patient_brochures/iodine_deficiency.html <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #2a2a2a; display: block; font-family: 'segoe ui',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif;"> @http://www.vitaminherbuniversity.com/topic.asp?categoryid=2&topicid=1022  <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #2a2a2a; display: block; font-family: 'segoe ui',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif;"> @http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/i.htm  <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #2a2a2a; display: block; font-family: 'segoe ui',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif;"> @http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele053.html  <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: 'segoe ui',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif;"> __**Pictures:**__ http://pfs.tmspublisher.com/images/pfs/html/energy/gifs/jpeg/nonm_iodine.jpg http://easycalculation.com/chemistry/elements/images/iodine.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bernard_Courtois.jpg/96px-Bernard_Courtois.jpg http://www.healthline.com/images/gale/big/geca_0001_0001_0_img0051.jpg http://medicine-science.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Iodine-Deficiency.jp http://www.topnews.in/files/iodine-deficiency.jpg http://blogs.webmd.com/integrative-medicine-wellness/uploaded_images/iodine-intake-750506.jpg http://sergededina.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/latest-news-of-japan-fukushima-nuclear-power-plant-explosion.jpg